Publications

Indo-Pacific Monitor No. 47

August 19, 2025 Thomas S. Sexton

Pyongyang deploys to Russia's frontlines;
Pacific power shifts toward Beijing;
Chinese ships collide in Scarborough Shoal;
Tokyo diversifies its defense portfolio;
South Korea's population problem

The Nine Gates of Power: China’s Passageways to the World Ocean

June 6, 2025 Kyle Kinnie American Foreign Policy Council

In December 2010, the Asahi Shimbun published a remarkable roadmap laying out the future trajectory of Chinese maritime expansion. In its analysis, the Shimbun outlined a geographically contingent thesis of Chinese geopolitical strategy—one on which the scholar Tetsuo Kotani elaborated further in a 2019 academic paper. Both publications argue that Chinese maritime access to the Pacific and Indian Oceans is effectively constrained through a series of islands and straits in the First Island Chain. These potential chokepoints constitute the “Nine Gates” through which Chinese maritime commerce and sea power must flow.